State Cooperative Purchasing & Piggyback Authority Research Reference

Primary Statute(s): Ala. Code § 41-16-21.1 (Joint Purchasing Agreements).  Authorized under the Alabama Joint Contracting Act, permitting local political subdivisions and boards of education to participate in joint cooperative purchasing agreements for goods and services [Alabama Code § 41-16-50].

Research Links: https://alison.legislature.state.al.us/code-of-alabama (search 41-16-21.1) or https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/title-41/chapter-16/

Note: Primarily addresses joint purchasing. Local governments often rely on interlocal cooperation authority as well.  

• State agencies: Limited / conditional
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Often preferred
• Restrictions: Generally broad; confirm public works separately

Primary Statute(s): Alaska Stat. § 36.30.700 (Cooperative Purchasing Authorized). Authorized under the Alaska Procurement Code, allowing cooperative purchasing programs with other states, political subdivisions, or public procurement units [Alaska Stat. § 36.30.700].

Research Links: https://www.akleg.gov/basis/statutes.asp#36.30.700

Note: Applies to public procurement units. Check both state and local government application.

• State agencies: Yes (under procurement code)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Usually not strictly required for cooperative use
• Restrictions: Relatively broad

Primary Statute(s): Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 41-2632 (Cooperative purchasing authorized) and Ariz. Rev. Stat. § 11-952 (Intergovernmental agreements). Authorized under the Arizona Procurement Code, permitting any public procurement unit to participate in, sponsor, conduct, or administer a cooperative purchasing agreement [Arizona A.R.S. § 41-2632].

Research Links: https://www.azleg.gov/arsDetail/?title=41 and https://www.azleg.gov/arsDetail/?title=11

Note: § 41-2632 is the main cooperative purchasing section; § 11-952 covers intergovernmental agreements for political subdivisions.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Commonly used / preferred
• Restrictions: Broad for most goods & services

Primary Statute(s):  Ark. Code § 19-11-249 (Cooperative Purchasing). Authorized under the Arkansas Procurement Law, which allows any public procurement unit to participate in cooperative purchasing agreements for commodities or services [Arkansas Code Ann. § 19-11-249].

Research Links: https://law.justia.com/codes/arkansas/title-19/chapter-11/

Note: Review both state procurement code and any local government purchasing statutes.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Often used
• Restrictions: Check construction authority carefully

Primary Statute(s): Cal. Gov. Code §§ 6500 & 6502 (Joint Exercise of Powers). Authorized under the California Joint Powers Act, enabling public agencies to combine forces and utilize contracts established by other public entities [California Gov. Code § 6500].

Research Links: https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=GOV&division=7.&title=1.&part=&chapter=5.&article=1.

Note:  California relies heavily on the Joint Exercise of Powers Act for cooperative arrangements. Local agencies have broad authority under this framework.

• State agencies: Yes (via leveraged procurement agreements and joint powers)
• Local subdivisions: Yes (strong Joint Exercise of Powers authority)
• Interlocal / JPA required: Frequently used
• Restrictions: Broad; construction has separate rules

Primary Statute(s): Colo. Rev. Stat. § 24-110-201 (Cooperative purchasing authorized). Authorized under the Colorado Procurement Code, providing legal authority for public procurement units to participate in cooperative purchasing contracts [Colorado C.R.S. § 24-110-201].

Research Links:  https://law.justia.com/codes/colorado/title-24/procurement-code/article-110/part-2/section-24-110-201/

Note: Clear cooperative purchasing authority for public procurement units. Local governments also have intergovernmental agreement options.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad under cooperative purchasing statute

Primary Statute(s): Conn. Gen. Stat. § 7-148cc (Joint performance of municipal functions). Authorized under Connecticut state statutes, permitting the administrative services department and local municipalities to join cooperative purchasing arrangements [Connecticut Gen. Stat. § 4a-53].

Research Links:  https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_098.htm

Note: Focuses on municipal joint powers. State agencies may have separate procurement authority.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Often used for municipal joint functions
• Restrictions: Confirm scope

Primary Statute(s):  Del. Code Tit. 29 § 6933 (Authorization for cooperative purchasing). Authorized under Delaware state statutes, allowing political subdivisions to procure materials or services through contracts established by other states or cooperatives [Delaware Code Ann. tit. 29, § 6933].

Research Links:  https://delcode.delaware.gov/title29/c069/sc03/index.html

Note: Part of the state procurement code. Confirm applicability to local political subdivisions.

• State agencies: Yes (procurement code)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Relatively open

Primary Statute(s): Fla. Stat. § 163.01 (Florida Interlocal Cooperation Act of 1969). Authorized under the Florida Interlocal Cooperation Act, which allows agencies to purchase from valid cooperative contracts [Florida Stat. § 163.01].

Research Links:  http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0100-0199/0163/0163.html

Note: The Interlocal Cooperation Act is the primary vehicle for cooperative arrangements among local governments.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (strong Interlocal Cooperation Act)
• Interlocal required: Yes in many cases
• Restrictions: Broad for most purchases

Primary Statute(s): Ga. Code § 36-69A-4 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under Georgia state statutes, enabling counties, municipalities, and state agencies to engage in cooperative purchasing [Georgia O.C.G.A. § 50-5-100].

Research Links:  https://law.justia.com/codes/georgia/title-36/chapter-69a/

Note: Interlocal cooperation statute for counties and municipalities.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm public works

Primary Statute(s):  Haw. Rev. Stat. § 103D-802 (Cooperative purchasing authorized). Authorized under the Hawaii Public Procurement Code, allowing public procurement units to participate in or administer cooperative purchasing agreements [Hawaii HRS § 103D-802].

Research Links:  https://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol02_Ch0046-0115/HRS0103D/HRS_0103D-0802.htm

Note:  Part of the Hawaii Public Procurement Code.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Follows public procurement code

Primary Statute(s):  Idaho Code § 67-2326 – § 67-2328 (Joint action / Joint exercise of powers);  Idaho Code § 67-2807 (related cooperative purchasing context);  Idaho Code § 67-2327 (definition of public agency – used by LGC). Authorized under Idaho public procurement statutes, explicitly allowing political subdivisions to participate in cooperative purchasing programs established by associations or other government entities [Idaho Code § 67-2807]. 

Research Links: https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title67/T67CH23/ and https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title67/T67CH28/

Note: Idaho’s joint powers and public agency definitions are central to LGC’s nationwide eligibility language.

• State agencies: Limited / conditional
• Local subdivisions: Yes (broad under joint powers & §67-2327 definition)
• Interlocal required: Preferred / often used (LGC provides one)
• Restrictions: Generally open for goods & services; public works follow separate rules

Primary Statute(s): 5 ILCS 220/3 (Intergovernmental Cooperation Act). Authorized under the Illinois Governmental Joint Purchasing Act, permitting governmental units to purchase personal property and services through joint agreements [Illinois 30 ILCS 525/2].

Research Links:  https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=291&ChapterID=5

Note: Broad intergovernmental cooperation authority used for cooperative purchasing.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (Intergovernmental Cooperation Act)
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad

Primary Statute(s):  Ind. Code § 36-1-7-2 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under Indiana state code, allowing Indiana political subdivisions to purchase materials or services from cooperative purchasing organizations [Indiana Code § 5-22-13].

Research Links:  http://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/current/ic/titles/036#36-1-7

Note: Interlocal cooperation statute for local governments.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Yes in many cases
• Restrictions: Construction

Primary Statute(s):  Iowa Code § 28E.3 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under the Iowa Joint Exercise of Governmental Powers Act, permitting public agencies to enter cooperative contracts to maximize purchasing efficiency [Iowa Code § 28E.1].

Research Links:  https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/28E.pdf

Note: Chapter 28E is the primary intergovernmental cooperation authority.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (Chapter 28E)
• Interlocal required: Yes (28E agreements)
• Restrictions: Relatively broad

Primary Statute(s): Kan. Stat. § 12-2904 (Interlocal agreements by public agencies). Authorized under the Kansas Interlocal Cooperation Act, enabling public agencies to buy through cooperative or joint agreements [Kansas K.S.A. § 12-2901].

Research Links: http://www.kslegislature.org/li/b2025_26/statute/012_000_0000_chapter/012_029_0000_article/012_029_0004_section/012_029_0004_k/

Note:  Interlocal cooperation for public agencies.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm scope

Primary Statute(s): Ky. Rev. Stat. § 45A.300 (Cooperative purchasing). Authorized under the Kentucky Model Procurement Code, which legally allows local public agencies to participate in cooperative purchasing [Kentucky KRS § 45A.295].

Research Links: https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=22900

Note: Part of the Kentucky Model Procurement Code.

• State agencies: Yes (Model Procurement Code)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Broad under cooperative purchasing section

Primary Statute(s):  La. Rev. Stat. § 39:1702 (Cooperative purchasing authorized). Authorized under the Louisiana Procurement Code, permitting any public procurement unit to join cooperative purchasing agreements [Louisiana La. R.S. § 39:1702].

Research Links:  https://www.legis.la.gov/legis/Law.aspx?d=96625

Note: Louisiana Procurement Code – Intergovernmental Relations section.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Follows procurement code

Primary Statute(s): Me. Rev. Stat. Tit. 30-A § 2203 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under Maine state code, permitting local municipalities and state units to join cooperative purchasing agreements [Maine Rev. Stat. tit. 30-A, § 2203].

Research Links:  https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/30-A/title30-Asec2203.html

Note: Municipal and interlocal cooperation authority.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Often used
• Restrictions: Certain Projects

Primary Statute(s): Md. Code, State Finance & Procurement § 13-110 (Intergovernmental cooperative purchasing). Authorized under Maryland procurement law, allowing public entities to participate in cooperative purchasing agreements sponsored by other governmental bodies [Maryland Code Ann., State Fin. & Proc. § 13-110].

Research Links: https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gsf&section=13-110

Note:  Specific cooperative purchasing provision in the procurement code.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Specific cooperative purchasing provisions

Primary Statute(s): Mass. Gen. Laws Ch. 30B § 22 (Cooperative Purchasing Agreements). Authorized under Massachusetts general laws, enabling local public jurisdictions to utilize cooperative purchasing services [Massachusetts Gen. Laws ch. 30B, § 22].

Research Links: https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleIII/Chapter30B/Section22

Note: Uniform Procurement Act section on cooperative purchasing.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (Chapter 30B)
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm public works / construction

Primary Statute(s):  Mich. Comp. Laws § 124.504 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under the Michigan Urban Cooperation Act, allowing public agencies to enter interlocal contracts for procurement [Michigan MCL § 124.501].

Research Links:  http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(…))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-124-504

Note: Urban Cooperation Act / joint powers authority.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad under joint powers

Primary Statute(s):  Minn. Stat. § 471.59 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under Minnesota municipal law, which explicitly allows municipalities to buy supplies and equipment without separate bidding if using national cooperative agreements [Minnesota Stat. § 471.345 Subd. 15].

Research Links:  https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/471.59

Note: Very commonly used for cooperative purchasing by local governments.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes (strong §471.59 authority)
• Interlocal required: Commonly used
• Restrictions: Broad

Primary Statute(s):  Miss. Code § 31-7-13 (related to cooperative purchasing agreements). Authorized under Mississippi state code, giving public agencies the power to purchase from contracts let by other governmental entities or purchasing cooperatives [Mississippi Code Ann. § 31-7-13(m)].

Research Links:  https://law.justia.com/codes/mississippi/title-31/chapter-7/

Note:  Review the full public purchasing chapter for cooperative language.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):  Mo. Rev. Stat. § 70.220 (Political subdivisions may cooperate). Authorized under Missouri statutes, granting political subdivisions the legal right to contract with other public or private entities for cooperative purchasing [Missouri Rev. Stat. § 70.220].

Research Links:  https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=70.220

Note:  Broad cooperation authority for political subdivisions.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad cooperation authority

Primary Statute(s):
Mont. Code § 18-4-402 (Cooperative Purchasing Authorized). Authorized under the Montana Procurement Act, allowing state and local public procurement units to use cooperative contracts [Montana MCA § 18-4-402].

Research Links:
https://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca/title_0180/chapter_0040/part_0040/section_0020/0180-0040-0040-0020.html

Note:
Clear cooperative purchasing authorization in the procurement act.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Clear cooperative purchasing authorization

Primary Statute(s):
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 13-2505 (Joint exercise of powers). Authorized under the Nebraska Interlocal Cooperation Act, establishing frameworks for joint and cooperative municipal buying [Nebraska Rev. Stat. § 13-801].

Research Links:
https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=13-2505

Note:
Interlocal cooperation for cities, counties, and political subdivisions.

• State agencies: Recently expanded (2024 legislation improved access to local-led co-ops)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm current construction rules

Primary Statute(s):
Nev. Rev. Stat. § 332.195 (Joinder or mutual use of contracts by local governments). Authorized under the Nevada Local Government Purchasing Act, giving local governments the explicit right to join cooperative purchasing programs [Nevada NRS § 332.195].

Research Links:
https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-332.html#NRS332Sec195

Note:
Specific authority for local governments to join or use contracts of other local governments.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (explicit joinder language for local governments)
• Interlocal required: Often used
• Restrictions: Local governments have clear authority

Primary Statute(s):
N.H. Rev. Stat. § 53-A:3 (Joint Exercise of Powers). Authorized under the New Hampshire Interlocal Cooperation Act, enabling public entities to leverage joint procurement [New Hampshire N.H. Rev. Stat. § 53-A:3].

Research Links:
https://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/III/53-A/53-A-3.htm

Note:
Agreements between government units.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):
N.J. Stat. § 52:34-6.2 (Cooperative purchasing agreements with other states). Authorized under the New Jersey Local Public Contracts Law, which governs joint, cooperative, and national cooperative purchasing programs [New Jersey N.J.S.A. § 40A:11-11].

Research Links:
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-jersey/title-52/section-52-34-6-2/

Note:
Includes specific language for cooperative agreements with other states.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (with conditions)
• Interlocal required: Often required
• Restrictions: Notable limits on public works / construction — cooperative use for public works has extra requirements and is restricted in practice

Primary Statute(s):
N.M. Stat. § 11-1-3 (Authority to enter into agreements – Joint Powers). Authorized under the New Mexico Procurement Code, permitting public procurement units to participate in cooperative agreements [New Mexico NMSA § 13-1-135].

Research Links:
https://law.justia.com/codes/new-mexico/chapter-11/article-1/

Note:
Joint Powers Agreements Act.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (Joint Powers)
• Interlocal / JPA required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad under Joint Powers Act

Primary Statute(s):
N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 103(16) (Use of cooperative contracts / piggybacking). Authorized under the New York General Municipal Law, commonly called the "Piggybacking Law," allowing political subdivisions to make purchases through valid contracts of other states or agencies [New York N.Y. Gen. Mun. Law § 103(16)].

Research Links:
https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/GMU/103

Note:
Subdivision 16 is the key piggybacking provision for municipalities. Review carefully for current scope.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes, but narrowly defined
• Interlocal required: Not always, but documentation is critical
• Restrictions: Significant restriction — Recent case law holds that GML §103(16) piggybacking cannot be used for public works / capital construction projects. Piggybacking limited primarily to apparatus, materials, equipment, supplies, and related installation/maintenance/repair services.

Primary Statute(s):
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160A-461 (Interlocal cooperation authorized). Authorized under North Carolina general statutes, granting authority for local governments to participate in cooperative purchasing groups [North Carolina N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143-129(e)(3)].

Research Links:
https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_160A/GS_160A-461.html

Note:
Interlocal cooperation for cities and towns; similar provisions exist for counties.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm construction

Primary Statute(s):
N.D. Cent. Code § 54-40.3 (or related joint exercise) and § 54-44.4-13 (Cooperative purchasing). Authorized under North Dakota century code, allowing public procurement units to utilize cooperative purchasing agreements [North Dakota N.D. Cent. Code § 54-44.4-13].

Research Links:
https://www.ndlegis.gov/cencode/t54.html

Note:
Check both joint powers and specific cooperative purchasing sections.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Relatively open

Primary Statute(s):
Ohio Rev. Code § 9.48 (Joint purchasing programs). Authorized under Ohio revised code, which provides political subdivisions the authority to participate in joint purchasing programs for equipment, material, and services [Ohio Rev. Code § 9.48].

Research Links:
https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-9.48

Note:
Specific joint purchasing authority.

1. State agencies: Limited
2. Local subdivisions: Yes (explicit joint purchasing authority)
3. Interlocal required: Common
4. Restrictions: Broad for political subdivisions

Primary Statute(s):
Okla. Stat. Tit. 74 § 1004 (Agreements authorized – Interlocal Cooperation Act). Authorized under the Oklahoma Interlocal Cooperation Act, granting public agencies the ability to engage in shared cooperative procurement [Oklahoma 74 O.K. Stat. § 1001].

Research Links:
https://www.oscn.net/applications/oscn/DeliverDocument.asp?CiteID=91819

Note:
Interlocal Cooperation Act.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):
ORS 279A.205 (Cooperative procurements authorized)
ORS 279A.210 (Joint Cooperative Procurements)
ORS 279A.220 (Interstate Cooperative Procurements)

Authorized under Oregon revised statutes, which explicitly outline the requirements for public contracting agencies to utilize interstate cooperative procurements [Oregon ORS § 279A.220].

Research Links:
https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors279A.html

Note:
Oregon has explicit sections for cooperative, joint, and interstate cooperative procurements — among the clearest in the country.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Specific rules for permissive vs. interstate cooperative procurements
• Restrictions: Clear statutory framework; follow ORS 279A requirements carefully

Primary Statute(s):
62 Pa.C.S. § 1902 (Cooperative purchasing authorized). Authorized under the Pennsylvania Procurement Code, enabling public entities to participate in joint and cooperative purchasing [Pennsylvania 62 Pa. C.S. § 1902].

Research Links:
https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/LI/consCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&ttl=62&div=0&chpt=19

Note:
Part of the Commonwealth Procurement Code – Intergovernmental Relations.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Broad under cooperative purchasing section

Primary Statute(s):
R.I. Gen. Laws § 45-40.1-4 (Interlocal agreements). Authorized under the Rhode Island Interlocal Cooperation Act, allowing municipalities to share contract vehicles [Rhode Island R.I. Gen. Laws § 45-40.1-4].

Research Links:
http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE45/45-40.1/45-40.1-4.HTM

Note:
Interlocal Contracting and Joint Enterprises chapter.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):
S.C. Code § 11-35-4810 (Cooperative purchasing authorized). Authorized under the South Carolina Procurement Code, legally validating joint public procurement and cooperative purchasing [South Carolina S.C. Code Ann. § 11-35-4810].

Research Links:
https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t11c035.php

Note:
Clear cooperative purchasing section in the Consolidated Procurement Code.

• State agencies: Yes (with conditions)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Clear cooperative purchasing section; some notice requirements for multistate

Primary Statute(s):
S.D. Codified Laws § 5-18A-37 (Cooperation and agreements with other purchasing agencies). Authorized under South Dakota codified laws, permitting local governmental units to buy through contracts let by national purchasing cooperatives [South Dakota S.D. Codified Laws § 5-18A-37].

Research Links:
https://sdlegislature.gov/Statutes/5-18A-37

Note:
Allows cooperation with other state and federal purchasing agencies.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Allows cooperation with other purchasing agencies

Primary Statute(s):
Tenn. Code § 12-9-104 (Interlocal agreements). Authorized under the Tennessee Interlocal Cooperation Act, granting municipal units the ability to purchase under joint agreements [Tennessee T.C.A. § 12-3-1205].

Research Links:
https://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/title-12/chapter-9/

Note:
Interlocal Cooperation Act.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Often required for out-of-state
• Restrictions: Some exclusions exist for motor vehicles (except special purpose), certain construction, architectural/engineering services, construction materials, fuel, etc., especially on out-of-state cooperatives

Primary Statute(s):
Tex. Gov’t Code § 791.025 (Government Contracts for Purchases)
Tex. Loc. Gov’t Code § 271.102 (Cooperative Purchasing Program)

Authorized under the Texas Interlocal Cooperation Act, allowing local governments to use cooperative purchasing master agreements [Texas Tex. Gov't Code Chapter 791].

Research Links:
https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/GV/htm/GV.791.htm
https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/LG/htm/LG.271.htm

Note:
Texas has strong, frequently used interlocal and cooperative purchasing authority for local governments.

• State agencies: Yes (with conditions)
• Local subdivisions: Yes (strong interlocal & cooperative purchasing authority)
• Interlocal required: Commonly used
• Restrictions: Broad for most goods & services; construction has additional rules

Primary Statute(s):
Utah Code § 11-13-201 (Joint exercise of power – Interlocal Cooperation Act). Authorized under the Utah Interlocal Cooperation Act, enabling public entities to engage in shared cooperative contracts [Utah Code § 11-13-101].

Research Links:
https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title11/Chapter13/11-13-S201.html

Note:
Interlocal Cooperation Act is the primary vehicle.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes (Interlocal Cooperation Act)
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad under interlocal authority

Primary Statute(s):
24 V.S.A. § 4901 (Authorization – Interlocal Contracts). Authorized under Vermont state statutes, establishing the framework for municipal and interlocal cooperative agreements [Vermont Vt. Stat. Ann. tit. 24, § 4901].

Research Links:
https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/24/121/04901

Note:
Intermunicipal cooperation and services.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):
Va. Code § 2.2-4304 (Cooperative procurement). Authorized under the Virginia Public Procurement Act, permitting public bodies to purchase from the contracts of other public bodies or cooperatives [Virginia Va. Code Ann. § 2.2-4304]

Research Links:
https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter43/section2.2-4304/

Note:
Explicit cooperative procurement section in the Virginia Public Procurement Act.

• State agencies: Yes
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Varies
• Restrictions: Explicit cooperative procurement section

Primary Statute(s):
RCW 39.34.030 (Joint powers – Agreements for joint or cooperative action)
RCW 39.34.020 (Definition of public agency – includes political subdivisions of other states)

Authorized under the Washington Interlocal Cooperation Act, permitting local government bodies to execute cooperative contracts with other public agencies [Washington RCW Chapter 39.34].

Research Links:
https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=39.34

Note:
Washington’s Interlocal Cooperation Act is frequently cited and explicitly allows cooperation with public agencies of other states.

• State agencies: Limited / separate rules
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Yes — generally required under the Interlocal Cooperation Act (RCW 39.34) for piggybacking on other public agencies’ contracts
• Restrictions: Allows goods, services, and public works (though public works piggybacking is used more cautiously)

Primary Statute(s): Authorized under the District of Columbia Procurement Practices Reform Act, allowing District public procurement units and agencies to participate in cooperative purchasing agreements with external jurisdictions and organizations [D.C. Official Code § 2-354.11].

Research Links:
https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/2-354.11https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=39.34

District of Columbia Procurement Practices Reform Act (PPRA)

Note:
Cooperative purchasing and piggybacking are explicitly and generally allowed in Washington, D.C.. In fact, D.C. law actively encourages its agencies to leverage joint procurement mechanisms to maximize efficiency and reduce administrative burdens

• OCP agencies: Limited / separate rules. CPO must authorize
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Yes — generally
• Restrictions: Allows goods, services, not public works/construction

Primary Statute(s):
W. Va. Code § 8-23-3 (Intergovernmental Agreements). Authorized under West Virginia state code, allowing state and political subdivisions to participate in joint and cooperative purchasing programs [West Virginia W. Va. Code § 5A-3-19].

Research Links:
https://code.wvlegislature.gov/8-23-3/

Note:
Intergovernmental relations for municipal corporations.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Confirm

Primary Statute(s):
Wis. Stat. § 66.0303 (Municipal Interstate Cooperation)
Wis. Stat. § 66.0301 (Intergovernmental cooperation)

Authorized under Wisconsin state statutes, validating joint purchasing agreements and municipal intergovernmental cooperation [Wisconsin Wis. Stat. § 66.0301].

Research Links:
https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/statutes/statutes/66/iii/0303

Note:
Includes specific municipal interstate cooperation language.

• State agencies: Yes (with specific collective purchasing and piggybacking rules)
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common for municipal cooperation
• Restrictions: Construction contracts subject to separate statutes are generally excluded from certain cooperative options

Primary Statute(s):
Wyo. Stat. § 16-1-101 (Authority to cooperate). Authorized under Wyoming intergovernmental cooperation statutes, allowing counties, cities, and schools to participate in cooperative purchasing options [Wyoming Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 16-1-101].

Research Links:
https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title16.pdf (or search 16-1-101)

Note:
General intergovernmental cooperation authority.

• State agencies: Limited
• Local subdivisions: Yes
• Interlocal required: Common
• Restrictions: Broad under intergovernmental cooperation authority